Trajectories of Healthy Life using Public Health and Primary Care Interventions in Canada:
The "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)" hypothesis suggests that a healthy trajectory of growth and development in pregnancy and early childhood is critical for optimal health, development, and lifetime wellbeing. Concurrently, economists have shown positive relations between a child’s physical and mental health and his/her educational achievement, social services use and the GDP of his/her society. Yet, Canada’s children are falling behind. In a recent UNICEF report on child wellbeing, Canada ranked 17/29 of high-income nations. Of particular concern, nearly 1 in 3 Canadian children are overweight or obese, placing them at risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. About 1 in 4 are not developmentally prepared for school – a major predictor of lifelong health and income earnings – potentially costing Canada $3 billion annually. 1 in 5 children has a mental health problem, reducing educational achievement and lifetime income by an estimated $300,000 per individual.
To address the aforementioned child health issues, the HeLTI Canada study: (1) develops a new DOHaD cohort, and (2) evaluates the effectiveness of a package of interventions on child obesity, cardiometabolic health and child development. The trial takes a 'cumulative-impact' approach, designed to improve health behaviours and reduce modifiable risk factors across the entire developmental period. We randomise nulliparous and primiparous women, and their partners, through public health and primary care settings in two provinces and evaluate a 4-phase intervention, from preconception to early childhood. Its innovative design allows for two concurrent randomized comparisons: a preconception-lifecourse intervention vs. usual care and an intervention in infancy and early childhood vs. usual care in children. This design enables the collection of family-level data, by including fathers preconceptionally, and following more than one child within the family. While the influence of maternal factors on child health is recognized, the role of the fathers/partners has been relatively understudied, including genetic/epigenetic and environmental factors. We address this limitation.
HeLTI Canada is comprised of a pan-Canadian team of 48 established investigators, from 21 institutions, across 6 provinces with proven expertise to successfully undertake this study. The project is aligned with the international HeLTI studies in China, India, and South Africa to enable harmonized data capture, comparative analysis of interventions, identification of mechanistic pathways, exchange of scientific ideas, and the provision of cross-study mentorship and training. HeLTI Canada also aligns with national 2 and provincial plans to enhance primary health care and health policy around early child development. It capitalizes on efficient study recruitment and data collection methods, using existing research initiatives, such as the Ontario Birth Study and TARGet Kids! The planned linkage of HeLTI Canada data to provincial and national administrative health datasets will enable longitudinal follow-up of children past age 5. The project leverages existing structures in public health and primary care to recruit participants, and deliver interventions – if proven effective – to enable scalability at provincial and national levels.